Ailment Nidaan

 Hepatomegaly: Causes and General Signs and Symptoms  Enlargement of Liver is called as Hepatomegaly.  It can be because of some infection,  fatty degeneration, tumor or obstruction or metabolic disorder.  Normally liver lies in right upper quadrent of abdomen and extends from 5th intercoastal space in midclavicular line to the right coastal margin, average length being 10-12.5cm in craniocaudal length. Length more than 15.5cm, midclavicular is considered as enlargement.  Normally it weighs 1800g (1.4 to 1.5kg) in men and 1400g (1.2 to 1.4kg) in women.  It is the largest and very important organ of human body. It is a multitasking organ performing many important functions like metabolic,  endocrine,  hemopoietic,  storage etc.  Causes of Hepatomegaly 1. Infections Hepatitis-A,B,C Amoebic liver abscess Pyogenic liver abscess Hydatid cyst Malaria Actinomycosis Leptospirosis Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)  2. Tumors He...

  Infertility:  Causes and its Investigations Infertility is an inability to conceive in spite of having regular unprotected sex of over 12 months. In 40-50% cases female is responsible in 20% cases male is responsible and in about 30 to 40% cases both partners are equally responsible for infertility. There may be a single cause in one of the partner or it may be a result of combined causes.   Infertility may be- primary or secondary 1.  Primary infertility- it is an infertility in which a couple never had a child. 2.  Secondary infertility- in this there is failure to conceive in spite of previous pregnancy.  it may be- 1. Physiological - prior to puberty, after Menopause and during lactation. 2.  Pathological- infertility due to some medical reasons.    Causes of infertility To have a child both partners are to be healthy. Problem in any one of the partner or of both can result in infertility. Therefore causes may be classified as- 1. G...

 Bronchial Asthma: Mechanism and its classification  Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of airway of lungs. It develops due to hyperresponsiveness of airways due to various stimuli which result in narrowing of air passage. The episode of airflow obstruction occurs with bronchospasm which is often reversible, and is associated with episodes of breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night and early morning and gets worse with exercise. The disease is often lifelong, dudh symptoms and bronchospasm are intermittent, the Airway inflammation persist even during asymptomatic period. The attack may last for minut 2 hours and even days and in between the attacks the patient is normal.  The disease is more prevalent in children than adult and in urban areas than in rural. However it can occur at any age, but in majority of cases it starts before the age of 10 years. It is more common in boys up to the age of adolescence, but in adults...

Osteoarthritis: Its Types and Clinical features Osteoarthritis (OA) is also known as senile arthritis, degenerative or hypertrophic arthritis or osteoarthrosis. It is very common joint disorder of elderly having symptoms of joint pain and stiffness. Osteoarthritis is a generative condition of joint cartilage with hypertrophic changes in the underlying bone. It mainly affects the weight bearing joints and is common in females. According to WHO Osteoarthritis is the second commonest musculo skeletal problem and is an cimportant cause of disability in elderly. Image showing Osteoarthritis in knees Risk factors and Etiology:- Age- Disease is more common in elderly people. The disease advances with the age. Sex- Elderly female are more affected. Knee joint and Hand joint OA is common in Females while Hip joint OA is common in males. Overweight or obesity- Obese person are more prone to develop OA. Occupation- Overuse of particular joint has an increased risk of developing OA. Occupational...