Ailment Nidaan

 Urticaria: Causes, Classification and its Complications. Hives on back Urticaria is also known as Hives.It is a skin rash. The rash is usually red in color, raised abovev the surface of skin, edematous wheals in shape and intense itching. They last for few hours. Urticaria are mostly due to allergic reaction, may be due to particular food, drug etc. The lesions which are large, having mild itching, and diffuse swelling on the lips, tongue, eyelids, hands and genitals or other body parts are known as angiodema. Wheals shaped Hives on Abdomen edema on foot due to urticaria Aetiopathology- Urticaria occurs due to release of mediators causing increased capillary permeability and accumulation of fluid in surroundings tissues. In most of the cases Histamine is released from the mast cells but release of kinins (cytokines) and serotonin from cells in the skin may also be the cause. Most urticaria have immunological and allergic base. But some may be due to physical agents like heat, swea...

Sickle-cell Anemia: Pathogenesis, Clinical features and its Investigation Microscopic view of sickle shaped RBC’s It is a genetic disorder of RBC in which the normal disc shape of RBC changes to crescent shape therefore termed as sickle cell. It is a type of haemoglobinopathy having abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S. The abnormality is in the form of alteration in the amino acid structure of the polypeptide chains of globins fraction of hemoglobin. It is a genetic disease, inherited from parents to offspring. it is caused by autosomal recessive single gene defect in beta chain of hemoglobin, which results in production of sickle cell hemoglobin (Hbs). When person inherits 2 abnormal genes from both the parents sickle cell disease occurs, but if the person inherits one single abnormal gene from one of the parent he is said to have sickle cell trait or carriers. The person with sickle cell trait are resistant to falciparum malaria in early childhood. However patients with sickle cell ...

Myocardial Infarction: Mechanism and Classification. Image showing Atherosclerosis It is commonly known as "Heart Attack" and is a very serious complication of Ischemic Heart Disease. It is an irreversible death or necrosis of cardiac muscles due to ischemia, mostly due to atherosclerosis (thrombotic occlusion of coronary arteries). It is one of the most common life threatening conditions, due to blockage of one or more coronary artery. Common symptoms are chest pain, dyspnoea, sweating, faintness etc. Risk Factors: Age- Elderly Hereditary- Family history may be there. Hypertension Smoking Diabetes mellitus Lack of exercise Hyperlipidemia Alcoholic Obesity Stress (Emotional) Etiopathogenesis- It is a coronary artery disease, and is due to complete blockage of one or more coronary vessels (arteries). The blockage may be due to- Atherosclerosis Thrombosis Spasm of coronary artery due to stress, cold etc. Embolism Mechanism- Atherosclerotic plaque is formed in coronary artery, w...

Angina: Causes, Signs and Symptoms and Classification Blocked Coronary Artery Angina is a chest pain which often spreads to shoulders, arms, or neck and is due to inadequate supply of blood to cardiac muscles. It is also called as Angina Pectoris. Angina word is derived from a Latin word "Angere"- to strangle and pectus- chest, meaning strangling feeling in the chest. It is one of the most prominent feature of most of the heart diseases, specially Myocardial infraction. Causes and Risk factors: Age- elderly above 45 yrs Obesity Sedentary life  Smoking Dyslipidemia Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Stress Family history of cardiovascular disease Etiopathogenesis Angina results due to restricted blood supply to cardiac muscles which affects the oxygen supply to heart. The Ischemia of Myocardium may be due to- Stenosis, spasm of occlusion of coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis is the main commonest cause Vasospasm Embolism Anemia Chronic smoking Signs and Symptoms Feeling of pain, d...

Hypertension: Classification, Signs and Symptoms and Complications. The term hypertension is made up of 2 words "Hyper" and "Tension"- Hyper- excessive Tension- Stress or pressure It is also termed as high blood pressure. This is a long term medical condition where blood pressure is constantly elevated. As Blood Pressure is usually elevated in atrium; it is also known as atrial hypertension. Definition- The term hypertension refers to elevation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure above the normal for the particular age, sex, and environment. Person having systolic blood pressure of 140 mm of Hg or high and diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or higher is termed as Hypertension.  The term blood pressure refers to  the amount of blood the heart pumps and amount of resistance provided to blood flow in arteries. More the blood pumped to the narrow arteries more is the blood pressure. Hypertension is one of the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension resu...

 Leukemia: Etiology, Classification and its Investigation In general term it is also called as blood cancer cancer of blood forming tissue bone marrow and lymphatic system. Abnormal or neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells lymphoid or myeloid is termed as leukemia full stop the cell are immature and usually begin in bone marrow the immature cell are called as blast cells or leukemic Cell full stop B cells multiply rapidly and accumulate in bone marrow replacing normal cells does result in bone marrow failure producing symptoms like anemia average infections fever extra prevalence of leukemia is more in men than women. ○ Etiology / risk factors 1.Exact cause of leukemia is unknown 2.Genetic and environmental factors play a major role 3.Heredity family history is evident 4.Infections certain viral infections are involved in development of leukemia- a.  HTLV-I-  t cell lymphoma leukemia b.  Epstein Barr virus - acute leukemia, Hodgkin's disease c.  HTLV-II-...

 Dengue fever: Pathogenesis and its clinical features  It is also called as break bone fever Dandy fever or hemorrhagic fever. It is a tropical viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, in tropical and subtropical countries when the climate is hot and humid the virus is carried by mosquito of Aedes type specially Aedes aegypti. Causative agent Diseases caused by a flavi virus,  the virus is of five types. one attack usually give immunity for about 9 months many such attack give life time permanent immunity. ○ Incubation period 5 to 6 days (3-14 days)  ○ Pathogenesis Mosquito bite of aedes aegypti is mostly in daytime. They mostly target the back of neck and ankles of humans. Human serves as primary Reservoir for dengue. Person with Dengue virus in the blood can be transmitted to mosquito during bite. In humans viral replication takes place in target dendritic cells full stop infection of target cells results in production of immune mediators that initiate cellular and...

 Anemia and its classification It is a very common blood disorder derived from Greek word meaning lack of blood. Enemy as a medical condition in which red blood cells or hemoglobin level is lowered in blood. It is more common in females than males and during development till ages as in children adolescence and during puberty pregnancy and lactation. As oxygen carrying capacity of blood is lowered due to decrease in amount of haemoglobin person's ability of doing work is affected.  According to WHO hemoglobin<11gm/dl and hematocrit<33%  is termed as anaemia. Causes / risk factors 1.  Age and sex It is more common in women of reproductive age group during puberty pregnancy lactation and in children during puberty or adolescence period when there is Rapid growth of body. 2.  Family history  Some type of anemia have genetic predisposition for family history of Hemolytic anaemia, Thalassemia, Sickle Cell anemia etc. 3.  Diet Nutritional anemia is comm...

 Rheumatic fever: Pathology and its signs and symptoms It is also called as  acute rheumatic fever(ARF). It is an inflammatory, non supperative,immune-mediated disease developing after pharyngeal or throat infection with Streptococci (group A) (GAS). It develops after 2 to 4 weeks after the infection affecting heart, joints, central nervous system, skin and subcutaneous tissues, which sign and symptoms of fever, arthritis, carditis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules and erythema marginatum. Repeated attacks of rheumatic fever damages heart and its valves causing rheumatic heart disease. A quote by William Boyed- "Rheumatism licks the joint but bites the whole heart".  Causative organism-Group A Streptococci, Streptococcus Pyogenes.   Risk factors- 1. Genetic  2. Malnutrition and poverty  3. Age group 5 to 14 years Pathology :  It is believed to be e due to production of antibodies acting against patients own tissue. Cell mediated immunity (CMI) is rais...

Typhoid: Pathogenesis, Clinical features and Complications. Typhoid fever is also known as Enteric fever and is of bacterial origin. It is caused by infection with Salmonella typhosa/ Slmonella typhi.  Salmonella paratyphi A and Salmonella paratyphi B are responsible for Para typhoid fever. Symptoms are mild and complications are less in paratyphoid fever. Route of Transmission- The disease is mainly transmitted by oral route due to ingestion of contaminated food, water, milk etc. by flies or carriers. Stool of infected patient is the main reservoir of infection. Incubation  Period-  10 to 14 days Pathogenesis- The infective organism enters the body through oral route; it enters through lymphoid tissue either Tonsillar or intestinal. If it survives the acid barrier of gastric juice it passes on to duodenum. Then it leaves the intestine via the lymphatics by way of payer's patches and solitary lymphoid follicles. Then it passes the lymph node barrier and reaches the blood ...

Fever: Mechanism, Stages, Types, Signs and Symptoms Definition: Fever also known as "PYREXIA" the term fever is defined as rise in body temperature above the normal range of 37°C or 98.6°F for a particular individual with respect to its age, sex, time or environment. Fever is most common medical sign and is seen in many disorders, It is a useful defense mechanism and is present in almost all the infectious diseases and many non-infectious diseases too. Body Temperature: 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) Average being 37°C or 98.6°F Temperature in anus (Rectum) about- 37.5°C or 99.5°F Temperature in mouth (Oral) about- 36.8°C or 98.2°F Temperature under the arm (Axillary region) about- 36.5°C or 97.7°F Causes: 1. All types of infections like bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic. for example Common cold, meningitis, malaria, appendicitis, typhoid, dengue etc. 2. Infarction 3. Severe hemorrhage 4. Major trauma 5. Inflammatory disorders like rheumatic fever, ulcerative colitis, gout etc...