Ailment Nidaan

  Infertility:  Causes and its Investigations Infertility is an inability to conceive in spite of having regular unprotected sex of over 12 months. In 40-50% cases female is responsible in 20% cases male is responsible and in about 30 to 40% cases both partners are equally responsible for infertility. There may be a single cause in one of the partner or it may be a result of combined causes.   Infertility may be- primary or secondary 1.  Primary infertility- it is an infertility in which a couple never had a child. 2.  Secondary infertility- in this there is failure to conceive in spite of previous pregnancy.  it may be- 1. Physiological - prior to puberty, after Menopause and during lactation. 2.  Pathological- infertility due to some medical reasons.    Causes of infertility To have a child both partners are to be healthy. Problem in any one of the partner or of both can result in infertility. Therefore causes may be classified as- 1. G...

 Bronchial Asthma: Mechanism and its classification  Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of airway of lungs. It develops due to hyperresponsiveness of airways due to various stimuli which result in narrowing of air passage. The episode of airflow obstruction occurs with bronchospasm which is often reversible, and is associated with episodes of breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night and early morning and gets worse with exercise. The disease is often lifelong, dudh symptoms and bronchospasm are intermittent, the Airway inflammation persist even during asymptomatic period. The attack may last for minut 2 hours and even days and in between the attacks the patient is normal.  The disease is more prevalent in children than adult and in urban areas than in rural. However it can occur at any age, but in majority of cases it starts before the age of 10 years. It is more common in boys up to the age of adolescence, but in adults...

Osteoarthritis: Its Types and Clinical features Osteoarthritis (OA) is also known as senile arthritis, degenerative or hypertrophic arthritis or osteoarthrosis. It is very common joint disorder of elderly having symptoms of joint pain and stiffness. Osteoarthritis is a generative condition of joint cartilage with hypertrophic changes in the underlying bone. It mainly affects the weight bearing joints and is common in females. According to WHO Osteoarthritis is the second commonest musculo skeletal problem and is an cimportant cause of disability in elderly. Image showing Osteoarthritis in knees Risk factors and Etiology:- Age- Disease is more common in elderly people. The disease advances with the age. Sex- Elderly female are more affected. Knee joint and Hand joint OA is common in Females while Hip joint OA is common in males. Overweight or obesity- Obese person are more prone to develop OA. Occupation- Overuse of particular joint has an increased risk of developing OA. Occupational...

 Urticaria: Causes, Classification and its Complications. Hives on back Urticaria is also known as Hives.It is a skin rash. The rash is usually red in color, raised abovev the surface of skin, edematous wheals in shape and intense itching. They last for few hours. Urticaria are mostly due to allergic reaction, may be due to particular food, drug etc. The lesions which are large, having mild itching, and diffuse swelling on the lips, tongue, eyelids, hands and genitals or other body parts are known as angiodema. Wheals shaped Hives on Abdomen edema on foot due to urticaria Aetiopathology- Urticaria occurs due to release of mediators causing increased capillary permeability and accumulation of fluid in surroundings tissues. In most of the cases Histamine is released from the mast cells but release of kinins (cytokines) and serotonin from cells in the skin may also be the cause. Most urticaria have immunological and allergic base. But some may be due to physical agents like heat, swea...

Sickle-cell Anemia: Pathogenesis, Clinical features and its Investigation Microscopic view of sickle shaped RBC’s It is a genetic disorder of RBC in which the normal disc shape of RBC changes to crescent shape therefore termed as sickle cell. It is a type of haemoglobinopathy having abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S. The abnormality is in the form of alteration in the amino acid structure of the polypeptide chains of globins fraction of hemoglobin. It is a genetic disease, inherited from parents to offspring. it is caused by autosomal recessive single gene defect in beta chain of hemoglobin, which results in production of sickle cell hemoglobin (Hbs). When person inherits 2 abnormal genes from both the parents sickle cell disease occurs, but if the person inherits one single abnormal gene from one of the parent he is said to have sickle cell trait or carriers. The person with sickle cell trait are resistant to falciparum malaria in early childhood. However patients with sickle cell ...

Myocardial Infarction: Mechanism and Classification. Image showing Atherosclerosis It is commonly known as "Heart Attack" and is a very serious complication of Ischemic Heart Disease. It is an irreversible death or necrosis of cardiac muscles due to ischemia, mostly due to atherosclerosis (thrombotic occlusion of coronary arteries). It is one of the most common life threatening conditions, due to blockage of one or more coronary artery. Common symptoms are chest pain, dyspnoea, sweating, faintness etc. Risk Factors: Age- Elderly Hereditary- Family history may be there. Hypertension Smoking Diabetes mellitus Lack of exercise Hyperlipidemia Alcoholic Obesity Stress (Emotional) Etiopathogenesis- It is a coronary artery disease, and is due to complete blockage of one or more coronary vessels (arteries). The blockage may be due to- Atherosclerosis Thrombosis Spasm of coronary artery due to stress, cold etc. Embolism Mechanism- Atherosclerotic plaque is formed in coronary artery, w...

Angina: Causes, Signs and Symptoms and Classification Blocked Coronary Artery Angina is a chest pain which often spreads to shoulders, arms, or neck and is due to inadequate supply of blood to cardiac muscles. It is also called as Angina Pectoris. Angina word is derived from a Latin word "Angere"- to strangle and pectus- chest, meaning strangling feeling in the chest. It is one of the most prominent feature of most of the heart diseases, specially Myocardial infraction. Causes and Risk factors: Age- elderly above 45 yrs Obesity Sedentary life  Smoking Dyslipidemia Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Stress Family history of cardiovascular disease Etiopathogenesis Angina results due to restricted blood supply to cardiac muscles which affects the oxygen supply to heart. The Ischemia of Myocardium may be due to- Stenosis, spasm of occlusion of coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis is the main commonest cause Vasospasm Embolism Anemia Chronic smoking Signs and Symptoms Feeling of pain, d...

Hypertension: Classification, Signs and Symptoms and Complications. The term hypertension is made up of 2 words "Hyper" and "Tension"- Hyper- excessive Tension- Stress or pressure It is also termed as high blood pressure. This is a long term medical condition where blood pressure is constantly elevated. As Blood Pressure is usually elevated in atrium; it is also known as atrial hypertension. Definition- The term hypertension refers to elevation in systolic and diastolic blood pressure above the normal for the particular age, sex, and environment. Person having systolic blood pressure of 140 mm of Hg or high and diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or higher is termed as Hypertension.  The term blood pressure refers to  the amount of blood the heart pumps and amount of resistance provided to blood flow in arteries. More the blood pumped to the narrow arteries more is the blood pressure. Hypertension is one of the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension resu...

 Leukemia: Etiology, Classification and its Investigation In general term it is also called as blood cancer cancer of blood forming tissue bone marrow and lymphatic system. Abnormal or neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells lymphoid or myeloid is termed as leukemia full stop the cell are immature and usually begin in bone marrow the immature cell are called as blast cells or leukemic Cell full stop B cells multiply rapidly and accumulate in bone marrow replacing normal cells does result in bone marrow failure producing symptoms like anemia average infections fever extra prevalence of leukemia is more in men than women. ○ Etiology / risk factors 1.Exact cause of leukemia is unknown 2.Genetic and environmental factors play a major role 3.Heredity family history is evident 4.Infections certain viral infections are involved in development of leukemia- a.  HTLV-I-  t cell lymphoma leukemia b.  Epstein Barr virus - acute leukemia, Hodgkin's disease c.  HTLV-II-...